Pathological and immunohistochemical assessment of the impact of three different strains of swine enteric coronaviruses in the intestinal barrier.

Swine enteric coronaviruses, such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) or transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), have risen concern for the porcine industry and research community due to the increase in their virulence, their potential recombination capacity and the emergence of new variants. This in vivo study aims to compare the impact of three different strains of swine enteric coronaviruses [(two G1b (S-INDEL) PEDV strains and a recombinant TGEV-PEDV or Swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV)] in the intestine of 3-weeks-old infected piglets, focusing on the pathology and main components of the intestinal barrier, including the number of goblet cells, and the expression of IgA as well as FoxP3, a regulatory T cell marker. Severity of lesions was evidenced in the three infected groups and was highly correlated with the viral load in feces and the frequency of viral antigen-positive cells. Furthermore, higher cellular death together with an increase in the expression of the FoxP3 marker was detected in the duodenum and jejunum of infected animals at 3 days post-infection. Our results highlight a recruitment of FoxP3+ cells in the small intestine of infected animals which may represent a response to the tissue damage caused by viral replication and cell death. Further studies should be addressed to determine the potential role of these cells during swine enteric coronavirus infections.

Child Opportunity Index Disparities in Pediatric Surgical Encounters During the Coronavirus 2019 Pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: Surgical encounters decreased during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and may have been deferred more in children with impeded health care access related to social/community risk factors. We compared surgery trends before and during the pandemic by Child Opportunity Index (COI). METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 321,998 elective surgical encounters of children ages 0-to-18 years in 44 US children's hospitals from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2021. We used auto-regression to compare observed versus predicted encounters by month in 2020-21, modeled from 2017 to 2019 trends. Encounters were compared by COI score (very low, low, moderate, high, very high) based on education, health/environment, and social/economic attributes of the zip code from the children's home residence. RESULTS: Most surgeries were on the musculoskeletal (28.1%), ear/nose/pharynx (17.1%), cardiovascular (15.1%), and digestive (9.1%) systems; 20.6% of encounters were for children with very low COI, 20.8% low COI, 19.8% moderate COI, 18.6% high COI, and 20.1% very high COI. Reductions in observed volume of 2020-21 surgeries compared with predicted varied significantly by COI, ranging from -11.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] -14.1%, -8.7%) for very low COI to -2.6% (95%CI -3.9%, 0.7%) for high COI. Variation by COI emerged in June 2020, as the volume of elective surgery encounters neared baseline. For 12 of the next 18 months, the reduction in volume of elective surgery encounters was the greatest in children with very low COI. CONCLUSIONS: Children from very low COI zip codes experienced the greatest reduction in elective surgery encounters during early COVID-19 without a subsequent increase in encounters over time to counterbalance the reduction.

Factors associated with unmet pediatric health care needs during the coronavirus pandemic.

PURPOSE: To examine risk factors for unmet pediatric health care needs during the coronavirus pandemic in a national sample of US children under 17 years of age. DESIGN AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we used data from the 2021 National Survey of Children's Health (n = 50,892). Unmet pediatric health care needs were assessed as follows: "during the past 12 months, was there any time when this child needed health care but it was not received?". Logistic regression with multiple imputations was used to evaluate bivariate and multivariable associations between predisposing, enabling, and need factors of health care services use and unmet pediatric health care needs. RESULTS: Approximately 3.6% of children had unmet health care needs, with significant differences by sample characteristics. Unmet health care needs were notably prevalent among select groups, including children with difficulty covering basic needs (10.6%) and those with ≥2 health conditions (8.9%). In multivariable analyses, factors associated with unmet pediatric health care needs included predisposing factors such as older age, ≥2 children with special health care needs in the household, primary language other than English or Spanish, and poor caregiver health; enabling factors such as difficulty covering basic needs, no insurance, and no personal doctor or nurse; and need factors such as poor perceived or evaluated child health. Reasons for unmet needs included financial, nonfinancial, and accessibility barriers. CONCLUSIONS: Several factors were associated with unmet health care needs. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: We identified children who would benefit from targeted interventions aimed at promoting health care services use.

Risk Assessment of the Possible Intermediate Host Role of Pigs for Coronaviruses with a Deep Learning Predictor.

Swine coronaviruses (CoVs) have been found to cause infection in humans, suggesting that Suiformes might be potential intermediate hosts in CoV transmission from their natural hosts to humans. The present study aims to establish convolutional neural network (CNN) models to predict host adaptation of swine CoVs. Decomposing of each ORF1ab and Spike sequence was performed with dinucleotide composition representation (DCR) and other traits. The relationship between CoVs from different adaptive hosts was analyzed by unsupervised learning, and CNN models based on DCR of ORF1ab and Spike were built to predict the host adaptation of swine CoVs. The rationality of the models was verified with phylogenetic analysis. Unsupervised learning showed that there is a multiple host adaptation of different swine CoVs. According to the adaptation prediction of CNN models, swine acute diarrhea syndrome CoV (SADS-CoV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are adapted to Chiroptera, swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is adapted to Carnivora, porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis (PHEV) might be adapted to Primate, Rodent, and Lagomorpha, and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) might be adapted to Chiroptera, Artiodactyla, and Carnivora. In summary, the DCR trait has been confirmed to be representative for the CoV genome, and the DCR-based deep learning model works well to assess the adaptation of swine CoVs to other mammals. Suiformes might be intermediate hosts for human CoVs and other mammalian CoVs. The present study provides a novel approach to assess the risk of adaptation and transmission to humans and other mammals of swine CoVs.

Coronavirus disease-2019 and heart: assessment of troponin and cardiovascular comorbidities as prognostic markers in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease-2019 in a tertiary center in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to evaluate the correlation of cardiac troponin T levels with comorbidities and in-hospital outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 in Brazil. METHODS: Data from a cohort of 3,596 patients who were admitted with suspected coronavirus disease-2019 in a Brazilian tertiary center, between March and August 2020, were reviewed. A total of 2,441 (68%) patients had cardiac troponin T determined in the first 72 h of admission and were stratified into two groups: elevated cardiac troponin T (cardiac troponin T >0.014 ng/mL) and normal cardiac troponin T. Associations between troponin, comorbidities, biomarkers, and outcomes were assessed. Regression models were built to assess the association of several variables with in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 2,441 patients were embraced, of which 924 (38%) had normal cardiac troponin T and 1,517 (62%) had elevated cardiac troponin T. Patients with elevated cardiac troponin T were older and had more comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, arrhythmia, renal dysfunction, liver disease, stroke, cancer, and dementia. Patients with abnormal cardiac troponin T also had more altered laboratory parameters on admission (i.e., leukocytes, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and B-type natriuretic peptide), as well as more need for intensive care unit, vasoactive drugs, mechanical ventilation, dialysis, and blood transfusion. All-cause mortality was markedly higher among patients with increased cardiac troponin T (42 vs. 16%, P<0.001). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that in-hospital mortality was not independently associated with troponin elevation. CONCLUSION: This study showed that cardiac troponin T elevation at admission was common and associated with several comorbidities, biomarkers, and clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease-2019, but it was not an independent marker of in-hospital mortality.

Assessment and sero-diagnosis for coronaviruses with risk of human spillover.

Zoonotic coronaviruses (CoVs) caused major human outbreaks in the last two decades. One of the biggest challenges during future CoV disease is ensuring rapid detection and diagnosis at the early phase of a zoonotic event, and active surveillance to the zoonotic high-risk CoVs appears the best way at the present time to provide early warnings. However, there is neither an evaluation of spillover potential nor diagnosis tools for the majority of CoVs. Here, we analyzed the viral traits, including population, genetic diversity, receptor and host species for all 40 alpha- and beta-CoV species, where the human-infecting CoVs are from. Our analysis proposed 20 high-risk CoV species, including 6 of which jumped to human, 3 with evidence of spillover but not to human and 11 without evidence of spillover yet, which prediction were further supported by an analysis of the history of CoV zoonosis. We also found three major zoonotic sources: multiple bat-origin CoV species, the rodent-origin sub-genus Embecovirus and the CoV species AlphaCoV1. Moreover, the Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae bats harbour a significantly higher proportion of human-threatening CoV species, whereas camel, civet, swine and pangolin could be important intermediate hosts during CoV zoonotic transmission. Finally, we established quick and sensitive serologic tools for a list of proposed high-risk CoVs and validated the methods in serum cross-reaction assays using hyper-immune rabbit sera or clinical samples. By comprehensive risk assessment of the potential human-infecting CoVs, our work provides a theoretical or practical basis for future CoV disease preparedness.

Food price volatility and socio-economic inequalities in poor food consumption status during coronavirus disease-2019 lockdown among slum and non-slum households in urban Nansana municipality, Uganda.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed staple food price volatility, household food consumption scores (FCS), poor household food consumption status and its association with socio-economic inequalities during enforcing and partial lifting of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) lockdown restrictions in slum and non-slum households (HHs) of Nansana municipality, Uganda. METHODS: Repeated cross-sectional surveys were conducted during enforcing and partial lifting of COVID-19 lockdown restrictions. A total of 205 slum and 200 non-slum HHs were selected for the study. Telephone based interviews with HH heads were used to collect data on socio-economic factors. Data for FCS was collected using the World Food Programme FCS method. Prices for staple foods were collected by face-to-face interviews with food vendors from the local market. Mean staple food price differences before COVID-19 lockdown, during enforcing, and partial lifting of lockdown was tested by Analysis of variance with repeated measures. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between socio-economic variables and poor food consumption status. A statistical test was considered significant at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Mean staple food prices were significantly higher during enforcing COVID-19 total lockdown restrictions compared to either 1 week before lockdown or partial lifting of lockdown (p < 0.05). Mean FCS for staple cereals and legumes were significantly higher in slum HHs during COVID-19 lockdown compared to when the lockdown was partially lifted (p < 0.05). In slum HHs, the prevalence of poor food consumption status was significantly higher during partial lifting (55.1%) compared to total lockdown of COVID-19 (15.1%), p < 0.05. Among slum HHs during lockdown restrictions, food aid distribution was negatively associated with poor food consumption status (AOR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.1-0.6), whilst being a daily wage earner was positively associated with poor food consumption status (AOR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.1-0.6). During partial lifting of COVID-19 lockdown in slum HHs, poor food consumption status was positively associated with female headed HHs (AOR: 1.2, 95%CI: 1.1-1.6), daily wage earners (AOR: 3.2, 95% CI: 2.6-3.8), unemployment (AOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.5-2.1) and tenants (AOR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.8-3.5). Female headed HHs, daily wage earners and tenants were positively associated with poor food consumption status either during enforcing or partial lifting of COVID-19 lockdown restrictions in non-slum HHs. CONCLUSION: Staple food prices increased during enforcing either the COVID-19 lockdown or partial lifting of the lockdown compared to before the lockdown. During the lockdown, food consumption improved in slum HHs that received food aid compared to those slum HHs that did not receive it. Household heads who were females, daily wage earners, unemployed, and tenants were at risk of poor food consumption status either in slum or non-slum, and therefore needed some form of food assistance either during enforcing or partial lifting of the lockdown.

Saúde mental e atuação de psicólogos hospitalares brasileiros na pandemia da covid-19 / Health and works of brazilian hospital psychologists in the covid-19 pandemic / Salud mental y actuación de psicólogos en hospitales brasileños en la pandemia del covid-19

Em março de 2020 a situação causada pela covid-19 foi elevada à categoria de pandemia, impactando de inúmeras formas a vida em sociedade. O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender os impactos da pandemia na atuação e saúde mental do psicólogo hospitalar, profissional que atua nos espaços de saúde e tem experienciado mais de perto o sofrimento dos doentes e dos profissionais de saúde frente à covid-19. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório-descritivo com 131 psicólogos que atuam em hospitais. Os profissionais foram convidados a participar através de redes sociais e redes de contatos das pesquisadoras, utilizando-se a técnica Bola de Neve. Foram utilizados dois questionários, disponibilizados na plataforma Google Forms, um abordando os impactos da pandemia sentidos pelos profissionais e outro referente ao sofrimento psíquico. Os dados foram analisados a partir de estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais. Foram observados impactos na atuação de quase a totalidade dos participantes, constatada a necessidade de preparação dos profissionais para o novo cenário, a percepção de pouco apoio institucional e quase metade da população estudada referiu-se a sintomas de sofrimento psíquico considerável desde o início da pandemia. É fundamental dar atenção a sinais e sintomas de sofrimento psíquico, procurando evitar o adoecimento de uma categoria profissional que se encontra na linha de frente do combate aos danos psicológicos da pandemia e cuja própria saúde mental é pouco abordada na literatura.(AU)

In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic breakout hugely impacted life in society. This study analyzes how the pandemic impacted hospital psychologists' mental health and performance, professional who more closely experienced the suffering of patients and health professionals in this period. An exploratory and descriptive study was conducted with 131 hospital psychologists. Professionals were invited to participate through the researchers' social and contact networks using the Snowball technique. Data were collected by two questionnaires available on the Google Forms platform, one addressing the impacts felt by professionals and the other regarding psychic suffering, and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that almost all participants had their performance affected by the need to prepare for the new scenario, the perceived little institutional support. Almost half of the study sample reported considerable psychological distress symptoms since the beginning of the pandemic. Paying attention to signs and symptoms of psychic suffering is fundamental to avoid compromising a professional category that is on the front line of combating the psychological damage caused by the pandemic and whose own mental health is little addressed by the literature.(AU)

En marzo de 2020, la situación provocada por el COVID-19 se caracterizó como pandemia e impactó el mundo de diversas maneras. El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender los impactos de la pandemia en la salud mental y la actuación del psicólogo en los hospitales, uno de los profesionales que trabaja en espacios sanitarios y que ha experimentado más de cerca el sufrimiento de pacientes y profesionales sanitarios frente al COVID-19. Este es un estudio exploratorio descriptivo, realizado con 131 psicólogos que trabajan en hospitales. Los profesionales recibieron la invitación a participar a través de las redes sociales y redes de contactos de las investigadoras, mediante la técnica snowball. Se utilizaron dos cuestionarios disponibles en la plataforma Google Forms: uno sobre los impactos de la pandemia en los profesionales y el otro sobre el sufrimiento psíquico. Los datos se analizaron a partir de estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales. Se observaron impactos en el trabajo de casi todos los participantes, la necesidad de preparación de los profesionales para este nuevo escenario, la percepción de poco apoyo institucional, y casi la mitad de la población estudiada reportaron sentir síntomas de considerable angustia psicológica desde el inicio de la pandemia. Es esencial prestar atención a los signos y síntomas del sufrimiento psíquico, buscando evitar la enfermedad de una categoría profesional que está a la vanguardia de la lucha contra el daño psicológico de la pandemia y cuya propia salud mental se aborda poco en la literatura.(AU)

Longitudinal assessment of anxiety and depression symptoms in U.S. adolescents across six months of the coronavirus pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to describe anxiety and depression symptoms at two timepoints during the coronavirus pandemic and evaluate demographic predictors. METHODS: U.S. high school students 13-19 years old completed a self-report online survey in May 2020 and November 2020-January 2021. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric Depression and Anxiety short forms queried depression and anxiety symptoms. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 694 participants (87% White, 67% female, 16.2 ± 1.1 years). Nearly 40% of participants reported a pre-pandemic depression diagnosis and 49% reported a pre-pandemic anxiety diagnosis. Negative affect, defined as both moderate to severe depression and anxiety PROMIS scores, was found in ~ 45% of participants at both timepoints. Female and other gender identities and higher community distress score were associated with more depression and anxiety symptoms. Depression symptoms T-score decreased slightly (- 1.3, p-value ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION: Adolescent mental health screening and treatment should be a priority as the pandemic continues to impact the lives of youth.

Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus Nucleocapsid Protein Interacts with Na+/H+ Exchanger 3 To Reduce Na+/H+ Exchanger Activity and Promote Piglet Diarrhea.

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is member of the family Coronaviridae and mainly causes acute diarrhea. TGEV infection is characterized by vomiting, watery diarrhea, and severe dehydration, resulting in high mortality rates in neonatal piglets. TGEV infection symptoms are related to an imbalance of sodium absorption in small intestinal epithelial cells; however, the etiology of sodium imbalance diarrhea caused by TGEV remains unclear. In this study, we performed transcriptomic analysis of intestinal tissues from infected and healthy piglets and observed that the expression of NHE3, encoding Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3), the main exchanger of electroneutral sodium in intestinal epithelial cells, was significantly reduced upon TGEV infection. We also showed that specific inhibition of intestinal NHE3 activity could lead to the development of diarrhea in piglets. Furthermore, we revealed an interaction between TGEV N protein and NHE3 near the nucleus. The binding of TGEV N to NHE3 directly affected the expression and activity of NHE3 on the cell surface and affected cellular electrolyte absorption, leading to diarrhea. Molecular docking and computer-aided screening techniques were used to screen for the blocker of the interaction between TGEV N and NHE3, which identified irinotecan. We then demonstrated that irinotecan was effective in relieving TGEV-induced diarrhea in piglets. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of TGEV-induced sodium imbalance diarrhea and could lead to the design of novel antiviral strategies against TGEV. IMPORTANCE A variety of coronaviruses have been found to cause severe diarrhea in hosts, including TGEV; however, the pathogenic mechanism is not clear. Therefore, prompt determination of the mechanism and identification of efficient therapeutic agents are required, both for public health reasons and for economic development. In this study, we demonstrated that NHE3 is the major expressed protein of NHEs in the intestine, and its expression decreased by nearly 70% after TGEV infection. Also, specific inhibition of intestinal NHE3 resulted in severe diarrhea in piglets. This demonstrated that NHE3 plays an important role in TGEV-induced diarrhea. In addition, we found that TGEV N directly regulates NHE3 expression and activity through protein-protein interaction, which is essential to promote diarrhea. Molecular docking and other techniques demonstrated that irinotecan could block the interaction and diarrhea caused by TGEV. Thus, our results provide a basis for the development of novel therapeutic agents against TGEV and guidance for the development of drugs for other diarrhea-causing coronaviruses.

Examining who benefited from green infrastructure during the coronavirus pandemic in 2020: Considering the issues of access to green areas from socioeconomic and environmental perspectives.

Access to green areas was one of the most contested issues during Japan's first coronavirus emergency period in 2020. The access was examined using a large-scale online questionnaire survey. An integrated analysis of socioeconomic attributes and environmental factors was conducted, and a typology of respondents, in terms of being beneficiaries of green infrastructure, was provided. Based on empirical datasets, we identified: (1) a relatively strong influence of the pandemic on the access to green areas for young females, both positively and negatively, (2) difficulties of green area access for unmarried low-income respondents in terms of aspects such as travel time, and (3) the influence of neighboring environments on green area access; for example, if there were agricultural lands near the respondents' residential areas, they tended to visit those lands instead of other green areas. The identified typology can serve as a basis for policy targets or components within policy, to enhance the management of green infrastructure as "open" and public areas. This analysis method can be applied to different regions globally, and it contributes to policymaking for green area management to enhance social and individual well-being.

Saúde em dados / Health in data

A Coordenação de Epidemiologia e Informação da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de São Paulo apresenta a 21ª edição do Boletim CEInfo "Saúde em Dados". Esta publicação teve início em 2002 e tem se consagrado por divulgar anualmente um conjunto substancial de dados e indicadores de saúde na cidade e suas regiões, com a intenção de apoiar o planejamento e a gestão das políticas públicas de saúde no Município. Compõem o quadro de indicadores, agravos considerados de grande magnitude e relevância no perfil de morbimortalidade da população e/ou para os quais existem programas ou ações prioritárias para o seu enfrentamento. Neste boletim são apresentados dados de mortalidade, nascidos vivos, doenças de notificação compulsória, produção assistencial e estrutura do SUS para o ano 2021 e a estimativa populacional para 2022. Em continuidade ao ano anterior, são apresentados os registros de síndrome gripal (SG), síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) e óbitos causados pelo novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV2) em decorrência da pandemia de Covid-19. O documento é apresentado em dois formatos: uma versão em PDF para consulta e download e outra em formato aberto com os conteúdos apresentados em diferentes configurações territoriais do município de São Paulo ­ Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde/Supervisão Técnica de Saúde e Subprefeitura. Como destaque desta edição, são apresentadas algumas informações do censo demográfico da população em situação de rua ­ sexo, faixa etária, tempo em situação de rua e situação de moradia/acolhimento e a produção assistencial das equipes multiprofissionais de Consultório na Rua do Município. As informações podem ser utilizadas na produção de análises sobre a situação de saúde e de apoio aos gestores, trabalhadores e demais pessoas interessadas em discutir as ações e políticas de saúde na cidade de São Paulo. Assim qualquer pessoa pode acessar estes conteúdos e utilizá-los com diferentes finalidades e formatos, sendo necessária, apenas a preservação da sua origem e citação da fonte. Espera-se que esta publicação seja mais um instrumento público de divulgação de informações de saúde, de apoio aos gestores e participação social do SUS na cidade de São Paulo. Convidamos todos os leitores a contribuirem com comentários e sugestões para o contínuo aperfeiçoamento do "Saúde em Dados", acessando o formulário eletrônico no link: https://bit.ly/3nGSHid.

Percepção de gestores e profissionais sobre o projeto "Mais Médicos para o Brasil" no cenário de pandemia do Coronavírus em um município do Sul da Bahia / The "More Doctors for Brazil" project: perception of managers and professionals during the Coronavírus pandemic in Southern Bahia / Percepción de gestores y profesionales sobre el proyecto "Más Médicos para Brasil" en la pandemia del Coronavirus en un municipio del Sur de Bahía

Este artigo analisa a percepção dos gestores e dos profissionais envolvidos no Projeto Mais Médicos sobre os desafios do provimento e da reorganização do processo de trabalho médico frente ao cenário de pandemia do coronavírus no município de Ilhéus (BA), em 2020. A produção de dados foi feita por meio de revisão documental e entrevistas aos gestores de saúde do município e a quatro profissionais médicos contratados pelo programa. A análise dos resultados contemplou a percepção dos gestores acerca do provimento médico no município bem como as ações de monitoramento, supervisão e avaliação do desempenho dos profissionais realizadas pela coordenação da Atenção Básica. A análise do processo de trabalho médico, por sua vez, tratou de identificar se houve mudanças nos objetos, meios de trabalho utilizados pelos profissionais e formas de organização do trabalho, antes e durante a eclosão da pandemia da covid-19. As conclusões apontam que, apesar de o número de vagas ser insuficiente para atender as necessidades do município em relação à cobertura da Atenção Básica, o provimento e fixação de médicos por meio do Projeto Mais Médicos para o Brasil ampliou o acesso da população aos serviços e, consequentemente, ao atendimento de necessidades decorrentes da alta prevalência de doenças crônicas, desnutrição, violência doméstica e, mais recentemente, da pandemia da covid-19.

This paper analyzes the challenges perceived by managers and professionals involved in the Mais Médicos Project regarding the provision and reorganization of the medical work process during the coronavirus pandemic in the municipality of Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil, in 2020. Data was collected by means of a document review and interviews with the municipality's health managers and four medical professionals hired by the project. Result analysis included the managers' perception regarding medical supply in the municipality, as well as the monitoring, supervision, and evaluation of professional performance carried out by the Primary Care coordination. Analysis of the medical work process, in turn, tried to identify whether the objects, means of work used by professionals, and ways of work organization changed before and during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings indicate that, despite the insufficient number of vacancies to meet the needs of the municipality in terms of Primary Care coverage, the provision and retention of physicians by the More Doctors for Brazil project expanded the population's access to services and, consequently, to meeting needs arising from the high prevalence of chronic diseases, malnutrition, domestic violence, and, more recently, the COVID-19 pandemic.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la percepción de los gestores y profesionales involucrados en el Proyecto Más Médicos sobre los desafíos de la prestación y reorganización del proceso de trabajo médico frente al escenario de la pandemia del coronavirus en el municipio de Ilhéus, en Bahía (Brasil), en 2020. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante la revisión documental y entrevistas con los gestores de salud del municipio y cuatro profesionales médicos contratados por el programa. El análisis de los resultados incluyó la percepción de los gestores sobre la prestación médica en el municipio, así como las acciones de seguimiento, supervisión y evaluación del desempeño de los profesionales realizadas por la coordinación de atención primaria. El análisis del proceso de trabajo médico, a su vez, trató de identificar si hubo cambios en los objetos, medios de trabajo utilizados por los profesionales y formas de organización del trabajo antes y durante el estallido de la pandemia del Covid-19. Las conclusiones indican que, a pesar de que el número de plazas es insuficiente para satisfacer las necesidades del municipio en cuanto a la cobertura de la Atención Primaria, la provisión y fijación de médicos a través del Proyecto Más Médicos para Brasil amplió el acceso de la población a los servicios y, en consecuencia, la satisfacción de las necesidades derivadas de la alta prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas, la desnutrición, la violencia doméstica y, más recientemente, la pandemia del Covid-19.

A atuação da supervisão acadêmica do Programa Mais Médicos no contexto da pandemia de Covid-19 na Bahia: um relato de experiência / Academic advising of the Mais Médicos Program during the Covid-19 pandemic in Bahia: an experience report / El desempeño de la supervisión académica del Programa Más Médicos en el contexto de la pandemia del Covid-19 en Bahía: un informe de experiencia

Este estudo tem o objetivo de relatar a experiência vivenciada pela equipe de apoio institucional do Ministério da Educação (MEC) no estado da Bahia em relação à supervisão acadêmica no contexto da pandemia de covid-19, no período de 2020 a 2021. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, do tipo relato de experiência, tendo como referência a atuação do apoio institucional frente à supervisão acadêmica no processo de trabalho dos médicos do Programa Mais Médicos para o Brasil (PMMB). Foram descritas as ações estratégicas e educacionais construídas pela supervisão acadêmica do PMMB no estado da Bahia, no período da pandemia pelo novo coronavírus, relacionadas às potencialidades e fragilidades encontradas no processo de trabalho nesse cenário. O contexto da pandemia impôs um grande desafio para os atores envolvidos no processo da supervisão acadêmica. Enfatiza-se, diante do cenário pandêmico, a importância da comunicação e articulação das instâncias do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) na organização do processo de trabalho nas unidades básicas de saúde e no enfrentamento da covid-19.

This study reports on the experience lived by the Institutional Support team from the Ministry of Education (MEC) in the state of Bahia, Brazil, concerning Academic Advising during the COVID-19 pandemic, from 2020 to 2021. This descriptive experience report concerns the institutional performance within Academic Advising in the work process of doctors from the Mais Médicos Program for Brazil (PMMB). It describes the strategic and educational actions built by the PMMB academic advising in Bahia during the pandemic caused by the new coronavirus, regarding the potentialities and weaknesses found in the work process in this context. The pandemic imposed a great challenge for the actors involved in the academic advising process. Given the pandemic scenario, the communication and articulation of instances from the Unified Health System (SUS) in organizing the work process in basic health units and in the fight against COVID-19 is of essence.

Este estudio describe la experiencia vivida por el equipo de apoyo institucional del Ministerio de Educación (MEC) en el estado de Bahía (Brasil) con relación a la supervisión académica en el contexto de la pandemia de Covid-19 en el período de 2020 a 2021. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, de tipo informe de experiencia con referencia al desempeño institucional frente a la supervisión académica en el proceso de trabajo de los médicos del Programa Más Médicos para Brasil (PMM). Se describieron las acciones estratégicas y educativas construidas por la supervisión académica del PMMB en el estado de Bahía en el período de la pandemia provocada por el nuevo coronavirus, relacionadas con las fortalezas y debilidades encontradas en el proceso de trabajo en este contexto. El contexto de la pandemia ha impuesto un gran desafío para los actores involucrados en el proceso de supervisión académica. Ante este escenario, se destaca la importancia de la comunicación y articulación de las instancias del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) en la organización del proceso de trabajo en las unidades básicas de salud y en el combate al Covid-19.

Modelling the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on bowel cancer screening outcomes in England: A decision analysis to prepare for future screening disruption.

The English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme invites people between the ages of 60 and 74 to take a Faecal Immunochemical Test every two years. This programme was interrupted during the coronavirus pandemic. The research aimed: (1) to estimate the impact of colorectal cancer (CRC) Faecal Immunochemical Test screening pauses of different lengths and the actual coronavirus-related screening pause in England, and (2) to analyse the most effective and cost-effective strategies to re-start CRC screening to prepare for future disruptions. The analysis used the validated Microsimulation Model in Cancer of the Bowel built in the R programming language. The model simulated the life course of a representative English screening population from 2019, by age, sex, socio-economic deprivation, and prior screening history. The modelling scenarios were based on assumptions and data from screening centres in England. Pausing bowel screening in England due to coronavirus pandemic is predicted to increase CRC deaths by 0.73% within 10 years and 0.13% over the population's lifetime, with excess deaths due to peak in 2023. More deaths are expected in men and people aged over 70. Pausing screening for longer would result in greater additional CRC cases and deaths. Postponing screening for everyone would be the most cost-effective strategy to minimise the impact of screening disruption without any additional endoscopy capacity. If endoscopy capacity can be increased, temporarily raising the Faecal Immunochemical Test threshold to 190 µg/g may help to minimise CRC deaths, particularly if screening programmes start from age 50 in the future.

Associations between Coronavirus Crisis Perception, Perceived Economic Risk of Coronavirus, General Self-Efficacy, and Coronavirus Anxiety at the Start of the Pandemic: Differences by Gender and Race.

The coronavirus pandemic has escalated rates of anxiety in the general U.S. population. Understanding how factors associated with coronavirus anxiety at the start of the pandemic differed among populations hardest impacted by coronavirus anxiety is key to effectively remediating negatively associated health outcomes and to better understand how to address concerns of the public at the start of a global pandemic. This study was a secondary analysis of data from a cross-sectional online survey of 1165 Prolific users between 13 and 15 March 2020. Data were collected from a stratified sample of U.S. adults aged 20 or older and currently living in the United States. The sample was stratified for age, gender, and race. Coronavirus anxiety was assessed as the dependent variable, alongside three independent variables: coronavirus crisis perception, perceived economic risk of coronavirus, and general self-efficacy. Multiple linear regression assessed the associations between the independent variables and coronavirus anxiety. Interactions between independent variables and two sociodemographic variables (i.e., gender, race) were also explored. The models were adjusted for age, gender, race, education, employment, and income. The average age of participants was 45.6 ± 15.7. The majority (76%) identified as White, approximately half identified as female and reported obtaining a bachelor's degree or higher. Coronavirus crisis perception and perceived economic risk of coronavirus were positively associated with coronavirus anxiety (ß = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.41, 1.00; ß = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.09, 1.00, respectively). General self-efficacy was negatively associated with coronavirus anxiety (ß = -0.15, 95% CI = -1.00, -0.11). Gender and race both moderated the association between coronavirus crisis perception and anxiety. Race moderated the association between perceived economic risk and coronavirus crisis perception. These results provide a foundation to further explore cognitive factors in subgroups disproportionately affected by anxiety during the pandemic.